Judaism

Judaism

Means:

Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practises, theological positions, and forms of organisation. Within Judaism there are a variety of movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism, which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. Historically, this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducee's and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period; the Karaites and Subteens during the early and later medieval period; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be non theistic. Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Hared Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more "traditional" interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law; today, these courts still exist but the practise of Judaism is mostly voluntary. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organisation, but in the sacred texts and rabbis and scholars who interpret them.

The history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as a structured religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions. The Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as "Jews" in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title "Children of Israel". Judaism's texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i Faith. Many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law.
Jews are an ethnology's group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, or roughly 0.2% of the total world population. About 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and another 43% reside in the United States and Canada, with most of the remainder living in Europe, and other minority groups spread throughout South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
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Quotes:

“Yes I am, I am also a Muslim, a Christian, a Buddhist, and a Jew.”

Mahatma Gandhi

“If we bear all this suffering and if there are still Jews left, when it is over, then Jews, instead of being doomed, will be held up as an example.”

Anne Frank

“It's not a pretty world, Papa.'

'I've noticed,' my father said softly.”

Chaim Potok, My Name Is Asher Lev

“The question shouldn't be "Why are you, a Christian, here in a death camp, condemned for trying to save Jews?' The real question is "Why aren't all the Christians here?”

Joel C. Rosenberg, The Auschwitz Escape

“When Maimonides says that the Messiah will come but that 'he may tarry,' we see the origin of every Jewish shrug from Spinoza to Woody Allen.”

Christopher Hitchens, Letters to a Young Contrarian

“[Kurt Cobain] had a lot of German in him. Some Irish. But no Jew. I think that if he had had a little Jew he would have [expletive] stuck it out.”

Courtney Love

“We seek God so earnestly, Eliav reflected, not to find Him but to discover ourselves.”

James A. Michener, The Source

“Fidelity is a living, breathing entity. On wobbly footing, it can wander, becoming something different entirely.”

Kay Goodstadt, Love and Death Over Tea

“Bruheem kol dumuyay eloha! Blessed are all God's self-portraits.”

Richard Zimler, The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon

“Biblical, Talmudic, or Koranic literalists remind me of children wrinkling their noses at Belon oysters and asking for more Chef Boy-E-Dee. They want the world to be as simple as they are.”

Tim Kreider, Twilight of the Assholes

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